One year after a street vendor set himself on fire in Tunisia, sparking revolts that were to spread across the region, the process of reform and democratisation is ongoing, and not necessarily nearing an end. While some countries have already taken steps towards a true democracy, others are mired in violence. And even where results have been obtained, the process has also exposed, and even deepened, chasms and fault lines dividing the societies of the countries concerned.

The conflict between old and new is palpable in Egypt, between supporters of the old regime, embodied by the military, and those who wish for profound societal change. Several countries, including Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco, have seen Islamist parties demanding a greater role for Islam in society and politics make a grand entry into a political life where secular powers have been predominant. Lastly, havenot groups such as women and youth, and particularly non-Muslims, feel that they are still shunned by those in power, despite their central role in the demonstrations that led to the changes taking place.

Governments in the Arab countries must aim for inclusive policies that can reduce the risk of identity-based sectarian conflict, while improving service delivery and discouraging corruption. Western government should cooperate with Islamists where they to come to power. Corrupt governments, on the other hand, should be kept in the cold.